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Blood Group Typing: Understanding the Science Behind Safe Transfusions
Blood group typing is one of the most essential practices in modern medicine, forming the foundation for safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and maternal–fetal care. It refers to the process of determining a person’s blood type based on specific antigens present on the surface of their red blood cells. While it may seem like a straightforward laboratory task, blood grouping reflects a complex biological system that influences human health, disease susceptibility, and genetic inheritance.
The most widely known blood group systems are the ABO and Rh systems. In the ABO system, individuals can have blood type A, B, AB, or O, depending on the presence or absence of A and B antigens. For example, type A blood has A antigens, type B has B antigens, type AB has both, and type O has neither. The Rh system mainly focuses on the…